TY  - JOUR
AU  - Boffetta, Paolo
AU  - Zaridze, David
AU  - Świątkowska , Beata
AU  - Pándics, Tamás
AU  - Lissowska, Jolanta
AU  - Fabiánová, Eleonóra
AU  - Field , John K.
AU  - Mates, Dana 
AU  - Schejbalová, Miriam
AU  - Foretova, Lenka
AU  - Janout, Vladimir
AU  - Mukheria, Anush
AU  - Yang, Chengfeng
AU  - Seyyedsalehi, Monireh Sadat
TI  - Combined Occupational Exposure to Lead and Other Metals and Risk of Lung Cancer
PY  - %2026/%08/%03
Y2  - %2026/%08/%27
JF  - La Medicina del Lavoro
JA  - Med Lav
VL  - 117
IS  - 4
SE  - Original articles
DO  - 10.23749/mdl.2026.18905
UR  - https://doi.org/10.23749/mdl.2026.18905
SP  - 18905
AB  - Background: The evidence linking occupational exposure to lead and cancer in humans is suggestive. Existing studies examine individual exposure to lead, ignoring the potential joint effects of mixed metal exposure. Methods:We analyzed the data of a case-control study of lung cancer conducted in seven European countries and comprising 2,861 cases and 2,936 controls, with a detailed assessment of occupational exposure to arsenic, cadmium, chromium (VI), and lead, to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of lung cancer for combined exposure to lead and these other carcinogenic metals, after adjustment for potential confounders. Results: The results suggested a synergism between lead and arsenic or cadmium: ORs were around 1.0 for lead alone and above 2.0 for combined exposure. No interaction was suggested between lead and chromium (VI). Conclusion: Our results provide suggestive evidence of a possible interaction between occupational exposure to lead, arsenic, or cadmium and lung cancer risk, and highlight the importance of considering mixed metal exposures in occupational epidemiology.
ER  -